“I am thankful for Hun Sen,” a Cambodian actress once told me. “Without him, the Khmer Rouge would have killed off every last one of us.” Her gratitude is no platitude. It is anchored in grief for the countless theatrical kin she lost to a regime that epitomised British political philosopher Thomas Hobbes’ leviathan: “No arts; no letters; no society.”
—Letter to the Editor—
The Khmer Rouge regime was (per Hobbes) “nasty, brutish and short.” Founded in April 1975, it was toppled on January 7, 1979, not through international action but by a renegade movement, backed by Vietnam and spearheaded by three ex-Khmer Rouge cadres. The most junior in age and rank was Hun Sen, who is now in his 31st year in office and Asia’s longest serving prime minister.
The actress who expressed her debt to Mr. Hun Sen was speaking from the heart. From such sentiments, the prime minister and the CPP have carved their redemption narrative. The message is clear: We have saved you from terror, and if we fall, Cambodia will return to darkness. A major plank of propaganda in the 1980s, this mantra of self-sacrifice has been a mainstay on the party’s campaign trail since the U.N.-sponsored election of 1993. A keynote of this anthem is that the Khmer Rouge killed off Cambodia’s artists and intellectuals, reducing a once glorious culture to rubble.
One such artist was singer and songwriter Sinn Sisamouth (1932-1976), whose genius is celebrated in the 2015 documentary “Don’t Think I’ve Forgotten: Cambodia’s Lost Rock and Roll.” If digital retouch has restored fresh intimacy to Sinn Sisamouth’s voice, the passage of time has worked a different magic, rebirthing the title love-song as a posthumous threnody to its creator and, by extension, to all artists killed by the Khmer Rouge.
“Don’t think I’ve forgotten,” Sinn Sisamouth croons, “I remember everything, so many stories.” The Khmer word for “stories”(roeung) has a wide range. It can also refer to “events,” including those of a political nature.
This summer, a new murder story has given “Don’t Think I’ve Forgotten” fresh traction. On July 10, 40 years after Sinn Sisamouth died at the hands of the Khmer Rouge, public intellectual and master raconteur Kem Ley was shot dead in Phnom Penh. Where Sinn Sisamouth was killed in the darkroom of an isolationist and deeply paranoid communist regime, Kem Ley was gunned down in broad daylight in the bustling heart of a free-market democracy, while sipping his morning coffee at a StarMart.
Kem Ley’s assassination came days after the release of a Global Witness report that countered the CPP’s repeat soundtrack of self-sacrifice with a tally of the private assets belonging to Mr. Hun Sen’s family. Kem Ley’s crime was not to have spoken truth to power, but to have spread that truth to the powerless, by moving such data beyond the expatriate bubble that is the standard circuitry of NGO reportage, to his nationwide following, through a radio broadcast in Khmer.
Within an hour of Kem Ley’s killing, hundreds had rallied to the scene. One distraught young mourner lamented via Youtube: “He was a pannavoan [intellectual]! Why did he have to die?” A marker of true stature, the title pannavoan cannot be bought or bestowed by individuals or institutions. Kem Ley “had” to die precisely because he was an intellectual, whose wisdom and outreach had earned him both audience and respect.
This was no anomaly. Kem Ley’s murder echoed the public execution of two of Cambodia’s most talented: performer Piseth Pilika, who was killed in 1999, and labor leader Chea Vichea, killed in 2004. Like Kem Ley, they were gunned down in the bright light of day and in the prime of life.
Chea Vichea was shot in the head on January 22, 2004. Tens of thousands took to the streets to mourn a leader who was young, charismatic, uncorrupt, and whose vision for the future embraced the dignity and rights of Cambodia’s rapidly growing workforce. I was in Phnom Penh at the time. The grief and outrage were palpable, and the Central Market florists were barely visible behind the giant wreaths ordered in his honor. To his credit, the U.S. Embassy’s deputy chief of mission attended Chea Vichea’s funeral. He was the only diplomat to do so.
Rewind five years. On July 6, 1999, Piseth Pilika—Cambodia’s most beloved classical dancer and movie star—was shot three times in the back at a busy Phnom Penh intersection. More than 10,000 flocked from across Cambodia to mourn her loss, and to protest an abuse of power that many suspected but few dared to name: Her killing had been ordered by a jealous spouse. This was no heated crime of passion. It was a calculated killing designed to protect the financial integrity of a political empire.
Piseth Pilika’s killer was never found. No arrests were made. In October 1999, the French magazine L’Express ran an excellent piece of investigative journalism, featuring the following excerpt from the slain diva’s diary: “I don’t know whether they will let me live or die, because the earth is under their control.” In 2003, the same regime that had failed to coordinate an inquiry into her murder orchestrated a sweep of city booksellers, locating and confiscating every last copy of a new publication about her death.
Spaced years apart, these killings were no isolated acts, as a glance at any Human Rights Watch or Amnesty International report will tell you. But they are the most symbolic, and they spotlight an uncomfortable truth for Cambodia’s current leadership.
Kem Ley, Chea Vichea and Piseth Pilika—like Mr. Hun Sen and other CPP stalwarts—were all children of rural Cambodia, and all survivors of the Khmer Rouge era. Born respectively in Takeo, Kandal and Svay Rieng provinces, none were products of exile (a label often used to smear the opposition), nor were they born to power through family nepotism. Each made their own way. As such, they were living (if now dead) proof of what Mr. Hun Sen and his party had rescued Cambodia for: the future of Cambodia. They were, in other words, the ruling party’s rhetorical raison d’être.
No leader has risen to replace Chea Vichea, and nobody has dared presume Piseth Pilika’s place in matters of the heart. It is too soon to surmise Kem Ley’s legacy. But one thing is clear. Forty years after Sinn Sisamouth’s murder by the Khmer Rouge, Hobbes’ state of “continual fear, and danger of violent death” prevails for those thinkers and artists in Cambodia who, like Kem Ley, dare to dream a different future.
If Mr. Hun Sen’s party is to maintain any credibility in the next national election—scheduled for 2018—then it needs to stop protecting its elite echelons and their hired assassins, and allow new ideas and leadership skills to grow in the post-Khmer Rouge generation. They would be wise to do so. In 2018, the majority of eligible voters will have been born after the fall of the Khmer Rouge. They will have no living memory of that genocidal regime, but nor will they have forgotten the newly fallen.
Penny Edwards is an associate professor of Southeast Asian studies at the University of California, Berkeley. This article was originally published online by Open Democracy at opendemocracy.net.
